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Hypertrophy of breast
Hypertrophy of the breast (macromastia and gigantomastia) is a rare medical condition of the breast connective tissues. The indication is a breast weight that exceeds approximately 3% of the total body weight. There are varying definitions of what is considered to be excessive breast tissue, that is the expected breast tissue plus extraordinary breast tissue, ranging from as little as up to with most physicians defining macromastia as excessive tissue of over . Some resources distinguish between macromastia, where excessive tissue is less than 2.5 kg, and gigantomastia, where excessive tissue is more than 2.5 kg. The enlargement can cause muscular discomfort and over-stretching of the skin envelope, which can lead in some cases to ulceration.〔Note: the criterium of >600g is used with the term "macromastia" in this source: 〕 Hypertrophy of the breast tissues might be caused by increased histologic sensitivity to certain hormones such as female sex hormones, prolactin, and growth factors; or an abnormally elevated hormone(s) level in the blood, or both. Breast hypertrophy is a benign ''progressive'' enlargement, which can occur in both breasts (bilateral) or only in one breast (unilateral). It was first scientifically described in 1648.
==General condition==
Hypertrophy of the breast can affect the breasts equally, but usually affects one breast more than the other, thereby causing asymmetry, when one breast is larger than the other. The condition can also individually affect the nipples and areola instead of or in addition to the entire breast. The effect can produce a minor size variation to an extremely large breast asymmetry. Breast hypertrophy is classified in one of five ways: as either pubertal (virginal hypertrophy), gestational (gravid macromastia), in adult women without any obvious cause, associated with penicillamine therapy, and associated with extreme obesity.〔 The underlying cause of the rapidly growing breast connective tissue, resulting in gigantic proportions, has not been well-elucidated, but proposed factors have included increased levels of or heightened sensitivity to certain hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin, and increased expression of or heightened sensitivity to certain growth factors, such as hepatic growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the breasts. Hyperprolactinemia has been reported in some cases of macromastia.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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